Modern transportation networks face an unprecedented dual challenge: accelerating global urbanization and the urgent requirement for sustainable, decarbonized infrastructure. Traditional road network operations (RNO) have historically relied heavily on ground-fixed physical infrastructure—such as inductive loop detectors, permanent roadside radar units, and fixed CCTV networks—to monitor, evaluate, and manage traffic flow. However, these asset-heavy methodologies require substantial capital investment, demanding regular physical maintenance, and introducing systemic lag in data collection. Furthermore, fixed ground sensors are inherently limited in their geographic scope, frequently leaving massive gaps across extended transit corridors, vulnerable rural intersections, and rapidly developing suburban environments.